SEPTEMBER 8, 2018 BY MATT WILLIAMS
What is the Cosmic Microwave Background?
Description:
The CMB is essentially electromagnetic radiation that is left over from the earliest cosmological epoch
which permeates the entire Universe. It is believed to have formed about 380,000 years
after the Big Bang and contains subtle indications of how the first stars and galaxies formed.
While this radiation is invisible using optical telescopes, radio telescopes are able to detect
the faint signal (or glow) that is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum.
What Is The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
Fraser Cain
Published on Mar 12, 2014
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is the afterglow of the Big Bang;
one of the strongest lines of evidence we have that this event happened.
UCLA's Dr. Ned Wright explains.
What Is The Evidence For The Big Bang?
Fraser Cain
Published on Nov 18, 2013
Almost all astronomers agree on the theory of the Big Bang, that the entire Universe
is spreading apart, with distant galaxies speeding away from us in all directions.
The Big Bang timeline of the Universe. Cosmic neutrinos affect the CMB
at the time it was emitted, and physics takes care of the rest of their evolution until today.
Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / A. Kashlinsky (GSFC).
All-sky data obtained by the ESA’s Planck mission, showing the different wavelenghts.
Credit: ESA
Fraser Cain
Published on Dec 18, 2013
Dr. Thad Szabo is a professor of physics and astronomy at Cerritos College.
He's also a regular contributor to many of our projects, like the Virtual Star Party
and the Weekly Space Hangout. Thad has an encyclopedic knowledge of all things space,
so we got him to explain a few fascinating concepts.
In this video, Thad explains the strange mystery of dark energy, and the even stranger idea of the Big Rip.
Matter is Going Into this Black Hole at 30% the Speed of Light
A source of Cosmic Rays?
A team of researchers in the UK have observed matter falling into a black hole
at 30% the speed of light. This is much faster than anything previously observed.
The high velocity is a result of misaligned discs of material rotating around the black hole.
The ESA’s XMM-Newton observatory was launched in 1999 to study interstellar x-ray sources.
Image: ESA
The inner structure of an Active Galacti Nuclei. By Original: Unknown;
Vectorization: Rothwild – Own work based on: Galaxies AGN Inner-Structure-of.jpg,
CC BY-SA 3.0,
Computer simulation predicts matter plunging into a black hole at extreme velocity
University of Leicester
Uploaded on Sep 17, 2018
New observations from the Planck mission don’t resolve anomalies like the CMB “cold spot”
Back in 2013, the European Space Agency released its first analysis of the data gathered by the Planck observatory.
Between 2009 and 2013, this spacecraft observed theremnants of the radiation that filled the Universe immediately
after the Big Bang – the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) – with the highest sensitivity of any mission
to date and in multiple wavelengths.
What Is The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
Fraser Cain
Published on Mar 12, 2014
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is the afterglow of the Big Bang;
one of the strongest lines of evidence we have that this event happened.
UCLA's Dr. Ned Wright explains.
The CMB polarization on large angular scales.
Copyright: ESA/Planck Collaboration
The CMB temperature fluctuations on large angular scales.
Credit: ESA/Planck Collaboration
An Extremely Rare Gamma Ray Emitting Neutron Star Binary Has Been Found
To date, only two of these systems have been found, the second of which was discovered
just a few years ago by a team of international astronomers known as the
Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) collaboration.
In addition to being a rare find, the discovery was also very fortunate, since the unusual behavior
they observed coming from this system will not be happening again until 2067.
Artist’s impression of the exotic double object that consists of a tiny neutron star orbited by a more massive star.
Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
Gamma Ray Producing Cherenkov Radiation in Earth's Atmosphere
Computer simulation of a very-high-energy gamma ray interacting in the atmosphere.
Gamma rays above 100 GeV, giga electron volts, are produced near pulsars,
neutron stars and super-massive black holes, and bombard Earth at a rate of about 100 million per second.
The animation shows that a shower of high-energy particles (mostly electrons and positrons)
is produced by the initial interaction of the gamma ray with a molecule in the atmosphere.
Those particles that travel faster than the speed of light in air, emit a bluish light called Cherenkov light.
Cherenkov light from gamma rays and other high-energy particles is detected by specialized ground-based telescopes,
such as VERITAS, HESS, MAGIC, and CANGAROO in search of the origin of extreme cosmic particle accelerators.
The two MAGIC Cherenkov telescopes at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory will take place in La Palma.
Credit: IAC
Astronomers Count all the Photons in the Universe. Spoiler Alert:
4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Photons
A newly formed star lights up the surrounding cosmic clouds in this image from ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile.
Dust particles in the vast clouds that surround the star HD 97300 diffuse its light, like a car headlight in enveloping fog,
and create the reflection nebula IC 2631. Although HD 97300 is in the spotlight for now, the very dust
that makes it so hard to miss heralds the birth of additional, potentially scene-stealing, future stars.
Imsge: ESO
The Blazar's Blast - Ask a Spaceman!
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Come on, what’s with this “dark energy” business? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session,
Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing.
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Is The Universe Dying? Less and Less Star Formation Every Year
Astronomers Have Tracked Down the Source of High Energy Cosmic Rays to Regions Within the Milky Way Itself
Using a new observatory, a team of Chinese astronomers have found over a dozen sources
of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. And those sources aren’t from some distant,
exotic corner of the cosmos. They come from our own backyard.
How to See Cosmic Rays - Ask a Spaceman!
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What is the so-called “OMG Particle”? Where could it possibly come from, and how are
magnetic fields involved? How can we detect these cosmic rays?
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coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain.
License
Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Astronomers Locate the Source of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
Roughly a century ago, scientists began to realize that some of the radiation
we detect in Earth’s atmosphere is not local in origin. This eventually
gave rise to the discovery of cosmic rays, high-energy protons and atomic
nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons and accelerated to
relativistic speeds (close to the speed of light). However,
there are still several mysteries surrounding this strange
(and potentially lethal) phenomenon.
Showers of high-energy particles occur when energetic cosmic rays
strike the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. Cosmic rays were discovered
unexpectedly in 1912. Illustration
Credit: Simon Swordy (U. Chicago), NASA.
Cosmic rays produced by gamma-rays vs. electrons (Top),
and data obtained by the HESS and XMM-Newton observations (Bottom).
Credit: Astrophysics Laboratory/Nagoya University
A Giant Gamma-Ray Bubble is a Source of Extreme Cosmic Rays
An artist's depiction of a gamma-ray burst's relativistic jet full of very-high-energy photons breaking out of a collapsing star.
Credit: DESY, Science Communication Lab
What are Gamma Rays and its effects
✨Hello everyone, welcome to our video about What are Gamma Rays and its effects.
Gamma rays are the most energetic forms of light and produce by the hottest regions
of the universe. Some violent events also create them, such as supernova explosions,
the decay of radioactive materials in space, black holes, neutron stars, and pulsars, etc.
Gamma rays have frequencies higher than about 1,018 cycles per second, or hertz ,
and wavelengths of less than 100 picometers .A picometer is one-trillion of a meter. Gamma rays
have enough energy to cause damage to living tissue, but almost all cosmic gamma rays
get blocked by Earth’s atmosphere. They are highly penetrating and interacts with
matter through ionization via three processes: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering,
or pair production. Exposure to low levels of radiation does not cause immediate health
effects but can cause a small increase in the risk of cancer over a lifetime.
The risk increases as the dose increases: the higher the dose, the greater the risk.
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GRB 221009A: looking back through time.
Credit: ESA
